‘C’est’ vs ‘Il/Elle est’: A Common Problem for Learners



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Often times, the simple, everyday expressions in a language are also the trickiest to use. Choosing between C’est and Il est is one of these problems. A recurrent instance is: ‘C’est difficile’ vs ‘Il est difficile’

Here is a breakdown of possible situations. As always, focus on this until you’ve mastered it, try to make note of it when you see/hear it; then make an effort to be conscious of it when you use it, until it becomes second nature:

1) Ça and C’est

After stating something, Ça and C’est add a commentary, a precision:

Ça + verb: Quelle belle soirée. Ça me donne envie de danser. (I feel like dancing)

C’est + adjective: Le gâteau est fini. C’est dommage !

NOTE: To highlight a fact, people very often use Ça or C’est in conversations:

Ça: Marcher permet de mieux voir la ville. -> Marcher, ça permet de mieux voir la ville. (Walking allows to better see the city)

C’est: Marcher est une bonne façon de voir la ville -> Marcher, c’est une bonne façon de voir la ville. (Walking is a good way to discover the city)

 

2) Il est and C’est

a) Il est + an adjective, often followed by de

Ex: Il est difficile de comprendre

b) C’est + an adjective

NOTE: However, in everyday French, in the beginning of a phrase, people use Il est and C’est interchangeably.

 

3) Identification and Qualification

-a) When identifying a person or a thing: C’est + a name

Ex: C’est un homme; C’est une fleur

And ‘qualifying’ that person or thing (once identiffied): Il/Elle est + an adjective

Ex: Il/Elle est beau/belle

NOTE: With a thing + adjective, either Il/Elle or C’est can be used:

Ex: Comment trouvez-vous le vin ?

-> Il est bon. (the wine)

-> C’est bon. (ça, i.e the thing)

b) When describing a situation (never a person): C’est + an adjective

Ex: C’est magnifique; c’est important

c) When talking about professional, social, political, religious, etc. status, you have two options:

- C’est + name with article

Ex: C’est un professeur; C’est une artiste; C’est un végétarien.

NOTE: If you want to ‘qualify’ your statement, you also use C’est:

Ex: C’est un professeur intéressant/compétent/etc.

- Il/Elle est + name without article

Ex: Il est professeur; Elle est artiste; Il est végétarien.

 

Image credit: Confused by CollegeDegrees360 via Flickr licensed under Creative Commons license 2.0